Semester A Project

Objective:

Understand and illustrate the concept of covalent bonding through shared electrons.

Research Topics:

• Definition and characteristics of covalent bonds.

• Examples of molecules with covalent bonds (e.g., H₂O, O₂, CH₄).

• Role of electronegativity in covalent bonding.

Model/Poster Creation:

• Create a model or poster showing the electron sharing in covalent bonds.

• Include diagrams of electron configurations before and after bond formation.

• Explain how shared electrons lead to stable electron configurations.

Presentation Points:

• Explain what covalent bonds are and where they are commonly found.

• Discuss the importance of electron sharing.

• Demonstrate understanding of electronegativity in covalent bonds.

Objective:

Explore and demonstrate the concept of ionic bonding through electron transfer.

Research Topics:

• Definition and characteristics of ionic bonds.

• Common examples of ionic compounds (e.g., NaCl, MgCl₂).

• How electronegativity difference leads to ion formation.

• The concept of cations and anions in ionic bonding.

Model/Poster Creation:

• Design a model or poster illustrating the transfer of electrons in ionic bonding.

• Show electron configurations of atoms before and after bond formation.

• Highlight the formation of positively and negatively charged ions.

• Include lattice structure of ionic compounds if possible.

Presentation Points:

• Describe the process of ionic bond formation.

• Explain the role of electronegativity in creating ions.

• Discuss properties of ionic compounds.

Objective:

Illustrate and understand the nature of metallic bonding.

Research Topics:

• Definition and characteristics of metallic bonds.

• Electron sea model explanation.

• Examples of metallic bonding in various metals (e.g., Fe, Cu, Al).

• Relation of metallic bonding to properties like conductivity and malleability.

Model/Poster Creation:

• Construct a model or poster showing the 'sea of electrons' in metallic bonds.

• Depict the lattice structure of metal atoms with delocalized electrons.

• Explain how the electron sea contributes to the bond strength and metal properties.

Presentation Points:

• Clarify what makes metallic bonds unique.

• Relate the bonding to physical properties of metals.

• Discuss the significance of delocalized electrons in metals.